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Joker (playing card)
The Joker is a playing card found in most modern card decks, as an addition to the standard four suits (clubs, diamonds, hearts and spades). Originating in the United States during its civil war, the card is unique in that it lacks an industry-wide standard appearance. Created as a trump card for Euchre, it has since been adopted into many other card games where it may function as a wild card.
==Origin==
In the game of Euchre, the highest trump card is the Jack of the trump suit, called the ''right bower'' (from the German ''Bauer''); the second-highest trump, the ''left bower'', is the Jack of the suit of the same color as trumps.〔Beal, George. ''Playing cards and their story.'' 1975. New York: Arco Publishing Comoany Inc. p. 58〕 Around 1860, American Euchre players may have devised a higher trump, the "Best Bower", out of a blank card.
Samuel Hart is credited with printing the first illustrated "Best Bower" card in 1863 with his "Imperial Bower".〔Dawson, Tom and Judy. (2014). ''The Hochman Encyclopedia of American Playing Cards''. Ch. 5.〕〔Wintle, Simon. (Samuel Hart ) at The World of Playing Cards. Retrieved 17 July 2015.〕 Best Bower-type jokers continued to be produced well into the 20th-century. Cards labelled "Joker" began appearing around the late 1860s with some depicting clowns and jesters. It is believed that the term "Joker" comes from ''Juker'' or ''Juckerspiel'', the original German spelling of Euchre.〔Parlett, David. (Euchre ) at davidparlett.co.uk. Retrieved 17 July 2015.〕〔(Joker ) at the International Playing-Card Society. Retrieved 17 July 2015.〕 One British manufacturer, Charles Goodall, was manufacturing packs with Jokers for the American market in 1871. The first joker for the domestic British market was sold in 1874.〔Goodall, Michael. (2001). "The Origin of the First English Joker". ''The Playing-Card'' Vol. 29, p.244-246〕
The next game to use a joker was poker around 1875 where it functioned as a wild card. Packs with two jokers started to become the norm during the late 1940s for the game of Canasta.〔Powills, Dorothy. (1989). "A Voice From the Past". ''Chicago Playing Cards Collectors Bulletin''. Vol. 36-3, p. 1809.〕〔McCleod, John. (2005). "Playing the Game: Canasta Relatives". ''The Playing-Card'', Vol. 34-2, p.141.〕〔Wintle, Simon. (Canasta ) at The World of Playing Cards. Retrieved 17 July 2015.〕 Since the 1950s, German and Austrian decks have included three jokers to play German rummy; in Poland the third joker is known as the blue joker. In Schleswig-Holstein, Zwicker decks come with six jokers.〔McCleod, John. (Zwickern ) at pagat.com. Retrieved 17 July 2015.〕
抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』
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